Tachycardia

Tachycardia, or a fast heart rate, is a common condition that affects many people. It happens when the heart beats faster than usual, typically over 100 beats per minute at rest. This condition can be alarming and impact overall health and well-being.

This article explores the causes of high heart rate, symptoms to watch out for, and tachycardia treatment options. We'll delve into the reasons for rapid heart rate, potential complications, and when to seek medical help. By understanding tachycardia heart rate, reasons for high heart rate and its management, you can take precautionary steps to maintain a healthy heart and reduce the risk of related health issues.

What is High Heart Rate (Tachycardia)? 

Tachycardia is a cardiac condition characterised by an abnormally fast heart rate, typically exceeding 100 beats per minute when at rest. This rapid heartbeat can occur in the upper chambers (atria) or lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. While it's normal for the heart rate to increase during exercise or stress, persistent tachycardia at rest may signal an underlying health issue.

Tachycardia can impact the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. When the heart beats too quickly, it may not have enough time to fill completely between contractions, potentially compromising blood flow to the body. This situation can lead to various symptoms & in some cases, serious complications if left untreated.

There are several types of tachycardia, including:

• Sinus Tachycardia: An increased heart rate originating from the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node.
• Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT): A fast heart rate (tachycardia) starts in the atria and is common in infants and children.
• Ventricular Tachycardia (VT): A rapid heartbeat begins in the ventricles, which can be more serious.

Symptoms of High Heart Rate

Tachycardia can manifest in various ways. Some individuals may not experience any noticeable symptoms. However, many people with tachycardia report a range of symptoms that can have an impact on their daily lives, such as:

• A racing or pounding heartbeat 
• A rapid pulse or a bounding pulse sensation in the neck
• Shortness of breath, even during rest
• Lightheadedness
• Dizziness
• Fatigue and weakness 
• Fainting or near-fainting episodes
• Chest discomfort or pain 
• Some individuals experience sweating, nausea, or a general feeling of being unwell. 
• Many people feel exhausted or lack of energy.

High Heart Rate Causes

Tachycardia, or a fast heart rate, can stem from various factors. While some tachycardia causes are benign, others may signal underlying health issues. Common reasons for tachycardia include: 

• Strenuous exercise
• Anxiety
• Severe emotional distress
• Fever
• Certain heart conditions (coronary artery disease CAD, heart failure, and congenital heart defects)
• Problems with the heart's electrical conduction system, like Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
• Other medical conditions that can lead to tachycardia include anaemia, hyperthyroidism, and lung diseases. 
• Certain medications, particularly those for asthma, colds, and allergies, may also increase heart rate. 

Sometimes, the exact cause of tachycardia remains unknown.

Risk Factors

Some factors can increase the susceptibility of an individual to developing tachycardia or experiencing episodes of rapid heart rate. 

• Age: Age plays a significant role, with middle-aged and older individuals being more susceptible. 
• Gender: Women are generally more vulnerable compared to men. Interestingly, children are also prone to certain types of tachycardia, particularly supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
• Lifestyle Choices: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and the use of illegal drugs like cocaine & methamphetamines can trigger tachycardia. Similarly, high caffeine intake and obesity are known risk factors. 
• Hormonal Fluctuations: Hormonal changes during pregnancy and menopause may increase susceptibility to tachycardia.
• Electrolyte Imbalances: Changes in potassium, sodium, calcium, or magnesium levels can disrupt the heart's normal rhythm. 
• Fluid Imbalance: Dehydration and severe blood loss may also cause the heart to beat faster to compensate for reduced blood volume.

Complications

Tachycardia can have serious consequences if left untreated. The severity of complications depends on the type of tachycardia, its duration, and other heart conditions:

• One of the most serious complications is the formation of blood clots, which can subsequently cause heart attacks or strokes. 
• Frequent fainting or loss of consciousness is another potential complication, which can be dangerous in certain situations.
• Heart failure is a significant concern for those with persistent tachycardia. 
• In extreme cases, particularly with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, sudden cardiac death can occur.

Diagnosis of Tachycardia

Diagnosing tachycardia involves a thorough physical examination, medical history review, and various tests:

• Medical History and Physical Assessment: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and any factors that could contribute to a rapid heart rate. They will listen to your heart with a stethoscope & check for other signs of heart problems.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is the most common test used to diagnose tachycardia. It records the heart's electrical activity and can help determine the type of rapid heartbeat. 
• Holter Monitor: A Holter monitor, worn for 24 hours or more, records the heart's activity during daily activities. 
• Echocardiogram: This ultrasound investigation creates images of the beating heart, showing blood flow and potential valve problems. 
• Stress Test: A treadmill or stationary bike test that monitors how exercise affects the heart rate.
• Other diagnostic tools include chest X-rays, which show the condition of the heart and lungs, and blood investigation to check for underlying conditions that might cause tachycardia.

Tachycardia Treatment

The treatment for tachycardia aims to slow down the rapid heartbeat and prevent future episodes. The approach depends on the type and severity of the condition, including:

• Vagal Manoeuvres: Doctors may instruct you to perform some simple techniques called vagal manoeuvres to slow the heart rate. These include coughing, bearing down as if passing stool, or applying an ice pack to the face. These actions impact the vagus nerve, which plays a role in controlling the heartbeat.
• Medications: Doctors commonly prescribe beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers to control heart rate and rhythm. Doctors sometimes recommend anti-arrhythmic drugs to steady the heartbeat and ease symptoms.
• Cardioversion: Procedures such as cardioversion may be necessary for more severe cases. This involves using electrical shocks to reset the heart's rhythm. 
• Catheter Ablation: In this procedure, doctors create small scars in the heart which block irregular electrical signals. 
• Device Implant: In some cases, devices like pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators may be inserted to help regulate the heart's rhythm.

When to See a Doctor

It's crucial to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of tachycardia or a consistently high heartbeat rate. Contact your doctor if you experience:

• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Fainting or near fainting
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• If you've been diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and experience an episode that lasts longer than usual

Prevention

Preventing tachycardia involves making lifestyle changes and managing underlying health conditions:

• Physical Activity: Regular exercise is crucial in lowering resting heart rate and strengthening the heart. Aim for at least half an hour of moderate physical activity (brisk walking, cycling, or swimming) most days of the week. 
• Managing Stress: Meditation, deep breathing exercises & yoga can reduce stress levels and lower heart rate. 
• Sleep: Getting enough sleep is essential, as chronic sleep deprivation can lead to rapid heart rate.
• Dietary Habits: Maintaining a healthy diet is vital for heart health. Focus on consuming vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit intake of saturated fats added sugars & salt. Stay hydrated by drinking the optimal amount of water throughout the day.
• Avoid Triggers: Avoiding stimulants like caffeine and nicotine can help prevent rapid heartbeats. If you smoke, quitting is one of the best things you can do for your heart. Similarly, limiting alcohol consumption and maintaining a healthy weight can positively impact heart rate.

Conclusion

Tachycardia can significantly impact one's health and quality of life. By recognising the signs early & seeking timely medical intervention, individuals can maintain a healthy heart rhythm and prevent potential complications.

Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle plays a key role in managing and preventing tachycardia. Regular health checks with cardiologists are vital to monitor heart health and promptly address concerns. 

FAQs

1. What is the leading cause of high heart rate?

Tachycardia, or a fast heart rate, can stem from various factors. Common causes include stress, anxiety, excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Medical conditions like anaemia, infections, or an overactive thyroid can also lead to a rapid heartbeat. In some cases, heart conditions such as arrhythmias or heart electrical system problems may be responsible.

2. When should I worry about a fast heart rate?

It's advisable to seek medical attention if your resting heart rate consistently exceeds 100 beats per minute. Additionally, if you experience symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, or fainting alongside a rapid heartbeat, it's crucial to get immediate medical help. 

3. How high is too high for heart rate?

Generally, a heart rate above 100 beats per minute at rest is considered tachycardia. However, what's deemed 'too high' can vary based on age, overall health, and physical condition. During exercise, your maximum heart rate is typically around 220 minus your age. If your heart rate remains elevated long after physical activity, it's worth discussing with a doctor.

4. Is a 120 heart rate normal?

A resting heart rate of 120 beats in a minute is not considered normal for most adults. However, a heart rate of 120 bpm during exercise or stress might be within the normal range. If your heart rate persistently stays at or above 120 bpm for several hours without an apparent reason, it's advisable to seek medical help. 

5. What if my heart rate is not going down?

If your heart rate remains elevated and doesn't return to normal after rest or relaxation techniques, it's essential to consult a doctor. They may recommend wearing a portable heart monitor to track your heart rhythm over time. Medications or other treatments may become necessary in some cases to manage persistent tachycardia and prevent potential complications.

Dr. Praneeth Polamuri

MBBS, MD (General Medicine), DM (Cardiology)
CARE Hospitals, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad

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