Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and Natural Remedies

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the familiar monthly guest in the lives of many women. While some may dismiss it as mere mood swings, it's a complex condition with a wide range of symptoms. In this article, we delve into the world of PMS: what it is, who it affects, its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, natural remedies, and when it's time to consult a healthcare provider.

What is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?

Premenstrual Syndrome, commonly known as PMS, comprises a set of physical and emotional symptoms that typically appear in the days or weeks leading up to your menstrual period. It's like a monthly reminder for periods. While the severity and specific symptoms can vary, PMS can disrupt the daily lives of some.

Who Gets PMS?

The short answer is women who menstruate. Premenstrual syndrome can occur in women of all ages. However, its symptoms are more common among those in their late teens to their 40s. Women approaching menopause may experience fewer or even no symptoms at all.

Symptoms of PMS

Now, let's discuss the symptoms of PMS. These can vary widely from person to person and cycle to cycle. Some might experience a wide range of symptoms, while others may only have a few. Common premenstrual syndrome symptoms include:

• Mood Swings: Mood swings are a hallmark of PMS. Hormonal fluctuations, particularly changes in oestrogen and progesterone levels, can affect brain chemicals like serotonin. This, in turn, can lead to mood swings, ranging from feeling unusually irritable, anxious, or depressed to experiencing bouts of weepiness. These mood swings can vary in intensity and duration.
• Breast Tenderness: Many women experience breast tenderness or soreness during their menstrual cycle. It's often one of the first physical signs of PMS. This symptom is linked to hormonal changes and typically subsides once menstruation begins.
• Fatigue: PMS can bring about an overall sense of tiredness and fatigue. You may find yourself feeling more exhausted than usual, even when getting enough sleep.
• Bloating: Abdominal bloating and discomfort are common during PMS. Fluid retention, hormonal changes, and increased gas production can contribute to this feeling of fullness and discomfort.
• Food Cravings: Many women experience intense cravings for specific types of food, especially sweets, salty snacks, or comfort foods. These cravings are often related to hormonal fluctuations.
• Headaches: PMS can trigger headaches or migraines in some women. These headaches are often linked to hormonal changes and may be accompanied by other PMS symptoms like irritability.
• Irritability: Heightened irritability or premenstrual syndrome stress is another common emotional symptom of PMS. Small annoyances may feel disproportionately bothersome during this time, which can also lead to premenstrual syndrome tension.
• Anxiety or Depression: PMS can exacerbate feelings of anxiety or sadness. For some women, these emotional symptoms can be quite severe and lead to premenstrual syndrome depression. It's essential to differentiate between PMS-related mood changes and more persistent mood disorders.

It's important to note that the severity and combination of PMS symptoms can vary widely from person to person. For some, these symptoms might be a minor inconvenience, while for others, they can be disruptive to daily life.

Causes of PMS

The exact cause of PMS isn't fully understood, but it's thought to involve a combination of hormonal changes and brain chemicals. These changes can affect your mood and physical health. The following are the potential premenstrual syndrome causes:

• Hormonal Fluctuations: The levels of hormones, such as oestrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the cycle, and these changes can affect neurotransmitters like serotonin, which are involved in mood regulation.
• Chemical changes in the brain: Chemical disruptions in the brain, specifically involving neurotransmitters like serotonin, may contribute to mood-related symptoms of PMS.
• Stress: High levels of stress can exacerbate PMS symptoms. Stress triggers the release of stress hormones like cortisol, which can interact with sex hormones and worsen PMS.
• Nutritional Factors: Dietary choices play a role in PMS. Some studies suggest that inadequate intake of certain nutrients, such as vitamin B6 and magnesium, can worsen symptoms.
• Lifestyle Factors: Sedentary lifestyles and lack of physical activity are associated with increased PMS symptoms.
• Psychological Factors: Individuals with a history of mood disorders, such as depression or anxiety, may be more prone to PMS.
• Genetic Predisposition: There may be a genetic component to PMS. A family history of PMS or other mood disorders might increase the likelihood of experiencing PMS.

Diagnosis of PMS

Diagnosing PMS isn't always straightforward since its symptoms can mimic those of other conditions. Healthcare providers may ask you to track your symptoms for a few months to help make a diagnosis. If PMS is suspected, other potential causes of symptoms, like thyroid issues or mood disorders, are often ruled out.

Premenstrual Syndrome Treatments

When it comes to PMS treatments, there isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. The right treatment for you depends on the premenstrual syndrome symptoms, which include:

• Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen and paracetamol can help alleviate physical symptoms like cramps and headaches. In severe cases, prescription medications may be recommended, including hormonal birth control to regulate hormone fluctuations.
• Nutritional Supplements: Some individuals find relief from PMS symptoms by taking supplements like calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B6. 
• Lifestyle Modifications: Engaging in regular exercise and maintaining a balanced diet can be one of the best premenstrual syndrome treatments, helping stabilise hormone levels and improve overall well-being. Reducing caffeine and alcohol intake and quitting smoking can also help manage PMS symptoms.
• Stress Reduction: Stress management techniques like yoga, meditation, and deep breathing exercises can reduce anxiety and mood swings associated with PMS and prove to be effective for premenstrual syndrome tension treatment.

Natural Remedies for Premenstrual Syndrome

• Dietary Adjustments: Reducing salt, sugar, caffeine, and processed foods in your diet can alleviate bloating and mood swings. Increasing the intake of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean protein sources can be helpful.
• Herbal Remedies: Certain herbal supplements have shown potential in regulating hormonal imbalances and reducing PMS symptoms.
• Aromatherapy: Essential oils such as lavender, chamomile, and clary sage can be used in aromatherapy or added to a warm bath to help relax and alleviate stress.
• Acupuncture: Some women find relief from PMS symptoms through acupuncture, as it may help balance energy flow and reduce pain and mood swings.
• Journaling: Keeping a PMS symptom diary can help identify patterns and triggers, allowing you to better manage and predict your symptoms.
• Relaxation Techniques: Practices like mindfulness meditation and progressive muscle relaxation can reduce anxiety and stress commonly associated with PMS.

It's essential to remember that the effectiveness of treatments and natural remedies may vary from person to person. Consulting a healthcare professional before trying any new treatments or supplements is advisable to ensure safety and suitability for individual needs.

When to See a Doctor

While PMS is common, there are cases where symptoms are severe and disruptive. If your PMS symptoms significantly interfere with your daily life, it's time to consult a healthcare provider. They can help rule out underlying conditions and offer guidance on the most suitable treatment.

Conclusion

While PMS can be challenging, understanding what's happening in your body and knowing your options for managing PMS can make a significant difference. Whether you opt for medical treatments, natural remedies, or a combination of both, PMS doesn't have to take centre stage in your life – it can be managed effectively with the help of a doctor.