Vaginal Odour

Vaginal odour is a natural occurrence that affects all women throughout their lives. The vagina maintains a slightly acidic environment thanks to beneficial Lactobacilli bacteria that protect against harmful infections.

However, while some changes in scent are normal during menstruation, pregnancy, or after exercise and sexual activity, certain strong or unpleasant odours may signal underlying health concerns. Notably, a persistent fishy or bad smell from the vagina could indicate conditions like bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis requiring medical attention. Let's explore the causes of vaginal odours, when to be concerned, and effective ways to maintain proper vaginal health. 

What is Abnormal Vaginal Odour?

Every vagina produces a unique scent that varies throughout the menstrual cycle. However, certain odours signal potential health concerns that require attention. An abnormal vaginal odour typically presents as a strong, unfamiliar, and unpleasant smell that persists for several days.
The following characteristics distinguish abnormal vaginal odours:

• A strong fishy smell, indicating bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis
• A putrid odour resembling rotting meat, possibly due to a retained tampon
• Unusual smells accompanied by greyish-white, greenish, or yellowish discharge
• Persistent odours that do not resolve naturally

Additionally, an abnormal vaginal odour frequently appears alongside other symptoms. These accompanying signs include:

• Burning or itching sensations
• Vaginal swelling
• Pain around the pelvic area
• Discomfort during urination
• Redness in the genital region
• Unusual discharge consistency

What are the Causes of Vaginal Odour?

The pH balance within the vagina plays a crucial role in determining its odour. A healthy vaginal environment contains various bacteria, collectively known as vaginal flora, which maintain the proper acidity levels. Consequently, disrupting this delicate bacterial balance might result in unpleasant odours.

Common vaginal smell causes include:

• Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): This infection occurs through bacterial overgrowth, causing a distinctive fishy smell that intensifies after sexual activity. 
• Trichomoniasis: This parasitic infection produces a fishy or musty odour alongside a greenish-yellow discharge.
• Menopause-related Changes: As oestrogen levels decline, vaginal walls thin, and pH levels rise, making postmenopausal women more susceptible to infections.

Certain lifestyle factors might trigger changes in vaginal odour. These include:

• Tight-fitting clothing traps moisture against the skin
• Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamins A, C, D, and E, calcium, folate, and beta-carotene
• A rectovaginal fistula allowing faecal matter to leak into the vagina

How is Abnormal Vaginal Odour Diagnosed?

Physical examination forms the cornerstone of diagnosis, wherein doctors perform a pelvic exam to assess the condition. Throughout this process, doctors check for signs of infection or other abnormalities that might contribute to the unusual smell.

The diagnostic process typically involves multiple tests:

• Vaginal pH Testing: This fundamental test measures the acidity levels of vaginal secretions. A pH higher than usual might indicate bacterial vaginosis, although this test alone cannot confirm the diagnosis.
• Whiff Test: Doctors mix a sample of vaginal discharge with a unique solution. A strong fish-like smell after mixing confirms bacterial vaginosis.
• Wet Mount Test: This examination involves collecting a sample of vaginal discharge for laboratory analysis. The results come back as either normal or abnormal, with an abnormal result indicating the presence of bacterial infection.

How is Vaginal Odour Treated?

Antibiotics remain the primary treatment for bacterial vaginosis. In some instances, vaginal odour resolves independently without medical intervention. Proper treatment involves several key considerations:

• Avoiding self-medication with over-the-counter products
• Refraining from using douches or yeast infection treatments, which might worsen bacterial vaginosis
• Following prescribed medication schedules strictly

How can Vaginal Odour be Prevented?

Maintaining proper vaginal hygiene stands as the cornerstone of preventing unpleasant odours. 

Proper hygiene practices include:

• Using only mild, unscented soap and warm water to clean the vulva
• Wiping from front to back after using the toilet
• Changing clothes promptly after exercise
• Avoiding prolonged wear of damp swimsuits
• Changing underwear twice daily if experiencing extra discharge

When to See a Doctor

Women should contact their doctor immediately upon noticing these warning signs:

• Persistent burning sensations or itching
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Strong fishy smell, which might indicate bacterial vaginosis
• Pain or irritation around the vaginal area

Pregnant women require special attention regarding vaginal health. Research shows that untreated vaginal conditions during pregnancy increase risks of several complications, including:

• Preterm birth
• Low birth weight
• Amniotic fluid infection

Home remedies for Vaginal Odours

Several essential oils prove beneficial for intimate hygiene:

• Tea Tree Oil: Mix 3-4 drops with one cup of warm water for external cleansing. This solution helps control yeast infections and should be used once daily for a week.
• Lavender Oil: Combine 1-10 drops with witch hazel and water for a gentle vaginal wash. Its pleasant scent works effectively against bacterial infections.
• Oregano Oil: Creates an effective topical spray for treating yeast infections and persistent odours.
• Peppermint Oil: Mix 2-5 drops with 200ml of water for a post-shower external spray.

Women should exercise these essential precautions while using these essential oils:

• Dilute essential oils with carrier oils to prevent irritation
• Perform patch tests before regular use
• Consult doctors before starting any treatment
• Never apply oils internally
• Discontinue use if experiencing discomfort

Conclusion

Vaginal odour remains a common concern affecting women throughout their lives. Most cases of abnormal vaginal odour stem from bacterial imbalances that respond well to medical treatment. Doctors can diagnose the underlying cause through various tests and prescribe appropriate medications, typically antibiotics for bacterial vaginosis. Additionally, lifestyle changes like wearing breathable cotton underwear and maintaining proper hygiene help prevent recurring issues.

Women should remember that the vagina naturally maintains its cleanliness. Rather than using harsh products or douches, gentle cleaning with warm water usually suffices. However, persistent unpleasant odours warrant prompt medical attention, especially when accompanied by unusual discharge or discomfort.

FAQs

1. How can I prevent vaginal odour? 

To prevent vaginal odour, maintain good hygiene by washing the vulva with mild soap and warm water, wearing breathable cotton underwear, changing out damp clothes promptly, and avoiding douching or using scented feminine products. Staying hydrated & adhering to a balanced diet can also help.

2. What causes abnormal vaginal odour? 

Various factors, including bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, hormonal changes, certain foods, and poor hygiene practices can cause abnormal vaginal odour. In some cases, it may indicate more serious conditions like sexually transmitted infections or, rarely, certain types of cancer.

3. When should I see a doctor about vaginal odour? 

Consult a doctor if you experience persistent abnormal vaginal odour, especially if accompanied by itching, burning, unusual discharge, or pain. Pregnant women should seek medical attention promptly, as untreated vaginal conditions can lead to complications.

4. Are there effective home remedies for vaginal odour? 

Some home remedies may help manage vaginal odour, such as using diluted tea tree oil or lavender oil for external cleansing. However, using these remedies cautiously and consulting a doctor before trying any new treatment is crucial.

5. How is abnormal vaginal odour diagnosed and treated? 

Diagnosis typically involves a pelvic examination, pH testing, and laboratory analysis of vaginal discharge. Treatment includes antibiotics for bacterial infections. Sometimes, lifestyle changes and proper hygiene practices can resolve the issue.

Dr. Neena Agrawal

MBBS, MS, FICOG, Diploma in Gynaecology, Endoscopy
CARE CHL Hospitals, Indore

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